Garten Haus Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Garten Haus Project - Assignment ExampleThe new construction takes into account capably the congestion factor and realises that the old construction and old standardized look of the community does not pee-pee affected, thereby it has reduced the licenses to 48 from 52. The public safe, fulfillment of the technical factors which include the h 8 consideration, spacing factor, the pedestrians safety factor, ground usage percentage factor, and most importantly the traffic factor since with time, celestial orbit has become obturate and finding parking space for your cars has become a nuisance, thereby the new design must ensure facilitation of more vehicles, at the same time ensuring that the other factors are not compromised due to it. The neighborhood is in such a state and outfit that change in one segment and one area would allow a change in other areas of the community as well, therefore each of the achieve of amendment must be taken with due consideration of the surrounding f actors. While the aforementioned factors are to be taken into account, the Panel took each of these into consideration before reaching a conclusion. A penal of eight members was established for this purpose to adjudicate whether the proposed construction and modification would be any help towards the presently public situation. The structures are designed to facilitate multiple families in the apartments. These apartments are 3 story apartments spread all over roughly around 0.25 acres. The property has been in function since 1975.

Female education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Female education - Essay workoutWhat forget be the impact on the efficiency and life style of the womanly faculty ply if they are provided with the knead facility in order to reduce the level of stress in pass on their too heavy pedagogical dutiesH3. The holistic participation in the health alternative practice of remedialal massage treatments improve a lot the character reference of life of distaff faculty working in the Teacher Education program at this (Name) University.The population for this study go forth consist of thirty female faculties working in the Teacher Education program at a (Name) University. The group of thirty female faculties will participant in a pretest and posttest Perceived Stress Scale of 10 items. Fifteen female faculty participants, randomly selected from the group of thirty, will receive three therapeutic massages over a six-week period. The massages will be designed to reduce stress, and to relax and revitalize the body, mind, and spirit. The fifteen female faulty participants receiving therapeutic massage will drive the experimental group, whereas, the remaining fifteen participants of the original group of thirty will become the control group.To acquire the necessary data regarding stress, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthurs Perceived Stress Scale of 10 items will be administered to thirty female faculties working in the Teacher Education program at a (Name) University. The Perceived Stress Scale is available at http//www.maces.ucsf.edu/research/Psychosocial/notebook/PPS10.html. Permission for use of this shield is not necessary when used for academic research or educational purposes.Data Collection favorable reception to conduct the study of quality of life of higher education female faculty working in the Teacher Education program at a (Name) University to determine what if any difference the effects of therapeutic massage designed to relax and revitalize the mind, body, and spirit has on stress reduction and mana gement, and overall quality of life will be sought from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Capella University and at Minot State University. Approval from both institutions will allow the primary tec to conduct the study in fairness and good faith. Return of the look intos will imply consent on the part of respondents to participate in the study.The survey will be mailed from the Office of the Secretary of Teacher Education on the (Name) University campus. The survey will be returned in a pre-addressed, postage paid envelope to (Name), independent investigator, data storage battery and analyzer. (Names) office is located in the Math and Computer Science Building on the campus the (Name) University. The independent investigator will code response envelopes to identify respondents for follow-up purposes. Instruments and envelopes will be separated upon receipt by the independent inv

Writer's topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writers topic - Essay ExampleThe explorers who were initially driven by mere curiosity later began to develop interest on products, resources as well as resources addressable in Africa which they took back home to their financiers. Henry Stanley Morton was the most notable explorer who contributed a lot to the commence of the stick for Africa. He was personally hired by King Leopold II of Belgium who wanted to create his receive colony along River Congo. The explorers established that slave trade was still going inland part of Africa and thus several European nations that were advocating for abolition of slave trade had to move in to Africa to ensure total finish up to slave trade thus triggering the scramble for Africa. Capitalism in Europe further encouraged the scramble as nations sought to locate raw materials for their industries while major inventions in transport, military and medicine facilitated the events (Ghazvinian, 012-019). The European nations were able to subjec t Africans societies to formal colonial rules because they developed strategies that were able to work effectively for them. Such allow signing of treaties with the African chiefs which allowed for indirect rule, use of force in most places since they had superior weapons and the fact that some of them decided to settle permanently in Africa. They enticed African leaders with gifts in exchange for their territories and promises of assistance in tackling their enemies which paved way for their dominance and formal rule (Nutting, 30).Colonial rule played a pigment role in shaping the face of modern day African countries in various slipway ranging from political, economic and social aspects which are either positive or negative. Colonial rule introduced capitalism in Africa which has caused a great imbalance in the allocation of resources resulting in power struggles between the few fat and the majority poor. This has resulted in

Social Policy review and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Policy review and analysis - Essay Examplesily comprehensible process. item-by-item issues or individual pressure conclaves atomic number 18 the basic building blocks of modern pressure groups. Every sake is seen as expressing a joint purpose of individuals that have come together to achieve convinced objectives. These groups have especial(a) organizational skills and lack the knowledge of government to succeed in the few specific issues on their purpose. Single issues wager groups usually have a liquid rank and file base, which use the media and tremendous action to gravel their goals. The groups usually are fighting for a change in private or public policy they find inequitable or unmerited. These groups tend to break up when they reach their goals (or concede defeat). Although single interests groups are not completely unproductive, their inclination towards passion makes them not well liked in the Bureaucratic society and in revolve do not stay around for too long. The main key to supremacy for these groups lies within their usefulness to demand to public opinion.If the single interests group is around for enough time any by following or refusing to give up they usually band together with other equivalent single interest groups to carry on the fight. Groups such as this are referred to as organizational interest groups and usually contain a higher level organization than the single interests groups. Joining two or more groups with concentration on structural interests can attracts a wider membership base that in frolic provides a larger economic sustain to work with. With more money the group can accuse a small staff of experts including lawyers, public policy experts, and public relations staff to help decent the changes in the government. The structure and basic goals of the organization do not change after the amalgamation it precisely becomes more complex. Organizational groups tend to keep away from unnecessary behavior in the nam e of the travail and the use of media to gather public attention. Instead, the groups use formal briefs to get their point across to the cosmopolitan public. The organizational groups are knowledgeable in the political arena but are not as useful as the institutional groups.Institutional groups or super organizational groups have an widespread membership basis that allows for a stable membership of like-minded people. Everyone within the institutional group does not portion out in the same exact interest the members are required to share the information with others in the group to act in a common manner. The groups have substantial resources to carry out their concrete and mo objectives. The resources include a highly trained staff that has widespread knowledge of the government that effects the suitable government officials and can converse easily with them. Unlike the single interests or organizational groups, institutional interest groups have the skills and knowledge needed to act as a go between,

Communication for Managers Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication for Managers Final Exam - Essay mannequin23).First, Speaking slowly and clearly is one of the strategies riding habitd in global business, to address communication barriers. This is because more people fail to understand what the other person is saying due to speed of communication jumper lead to vague meaning. Thus, this system gives an opportunity for foreigners to understand what the native speakers are saying (Guffey, 2009).Second, asking for clarification addresses communication barriers, to gain a deeper understanding of the subject mater. Thus, it is wise to allow one to ask a chief to ensure that the intended information has reached the required party (Hogan & Stubbs, 2003, p. 34).Frequently checking for understanding is a third strategy used in avoiding communication barrier. When communicating with someone, ask questions to establish whether the communication objectives are realized (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011, p. 32).Fourth, specify the basics of business is another strategy of avoiding communication barrier. When the objectives of business are clearly communicated to individuals, then chances of misconception are significantly reduced (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011, p. 23).Finally, Careful selecting communication media is another strategy used to avoid communication barrier. about of communication channels used creates communication barriers. Thus, it is essentially for an individual to use proper communication media. For example, when deficient to communicate abroad using of email may be more reliable communication media than use of telephone (Thompson, 2004, p. 56).Globalization of business poses a significant intercultural communication challenges. This is because culture differ across nations thus, the consume to adopt appropriate strategy to enhance effective intercultural communication. These strategies include the following.The organization should educate its staff on various cultural practices present at the

The Liability of the Manufacturers and Their Conduct in Case of Essay

The Liability of the Manufacturers and Their Conduct in Case of Accidents - probe ExampleCourts have considered on a case to case basis the liability of the manufacturers and their conduct in case of accidents. For instance, in the case of Messina v. Clark Equipment, 263 F.2d 291, C.A.2 1959, the Court dismissed the appeal in an action against the manufacturer of the realm mover in order to recover for cable car street girls death. In this case, the machine operator was killed while he was raising the scissor arms and bucket, and they had shut off the motor, and while doing this, he was real getting out of cab when bucket fell causing him to be crushed between the scissor arms and the cab (Messina v. Clark Equipment 291). The Court dismissed the appeal because there was an absence of showing that there was thence a hidden defect or concealed danger in earth mover (Messina v. Clark Equipment 291). It healthy that under the New York law, a manufacturer has no duty to a remote e xploiter beyond the duty to keep the article of manufacture free from hidden defects or dangers (Messina v. Clark Equipment 291). Thus, if a remote user such as in this case, sues a manufacturer of an article for injuries suffered, he must allege and try on the existence of a latent defect or a danger not known to plaintiff or other users (Messina v. Clark Equipment 291). Citing the case of Campo v. Schofield, 301 N.Y. 468, 95 N.E.2d 802 (1950), the Court explained that, If a manufacturer does everything necessary to make the machine function properly for the purpose for which it is designed, if the machine is without any latent defect, and if its functioning creates no danger or peril that is not known to the user, then the manufacturer has satisfied the laws demands.

Economic events occur around us every day. This assignment aims to Essay

Economic events occur around us every day. This assignment aims to tolerate association between what you learn from economic models and concepts in class with real-life events happening around you - Essay ensampledly, Greece cannot now maintain its euro as the ratio of debt to domestic rise to 151% in 2012 and expected to remain at 149% in 2013 (New York Times, 2012, p.1). The self-aggrandizing question is whether Greece will manage to get tabu of this major deferral or it will result in an economic depression.The year 2012 was big for Greece as economists figured out different ways of getting Greece out of recession and out of debts. Lucas Papademos, Greece prime minister gave hope to the ground of new opportunity to use the saved interests and debt repayments. In March 2012, the country expects European officials to sign cxxx billion Euros that Greece considers in stopgap financing. This will help Greece negotiate a landmark debt restructuring swap with its private lenders. The move will also help clear way for European commission, European rudimentary bank, and International Monetary Fund to begin releasing fund to Greece. One worry with the government is that the big money coming in to Greece ended up in the pockets of troika leaving the country in enormous debts and less chances of growth. Greece could not even pay for its vital public services.By July, pressure was twist up as Germany officials spoke of a possibility of Greece leaving Euro in fall. Greece was in dire need of a better fiscal policy that would get the country out of the current crisis. The government had hoped to fasten a better deal to solve the crisis with the involvement of the private sector. Apparently, they have refused and the government cannot force them to do it since the Greek law does not govern their bonds. Worse still is the fact that investors would sue the government for try to impose the deal on them. The fact that public sector is now the biggest creditor gives an opportunity to the creditor nations of taking corporal steps of assisting Greece government before the next crisis hits in. However, this may not yield much because Greece government traded their force to write down debts to

Transportation effect on climate change Term Paper

Transportation effect on climate change - Term Paper ExampleThese take technological improvement, use of energy high-octane fuels, management of demand for vehicles and use of renewable fuels as well as alternative sources of fuels. greenhouse gases much(prenominal) as carbondioaxide ar responsible for global warming that responsible for climate change. Although transport industry is not responsible for all greenhouse gas emission, it is among the industries consuming the largest amount of fossil fuels in the U.S. (Ryley & Chapman, 2012). Fossil fuels are the main source of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Transport industry affects other sectors such as agriculture, construction, mining, education and commerce among others (U. S. Department of Transportation, 2012). Therefore, policy decisions taken by the government or other agencies to prescribe transport industry affect the operations of other sectors and individuals.Climate change has been described as variations o f average out weather conditions recorded over a long period in a particular neighborhood or across the globe (U. S. Department of Transportation, 2012). The issue of climate change has received much anxiety in the recent past with various nations convening conferences to establish a lasting solution to the stake of climate change. The policy makers have developed various strategies to address the issue, but there is little which has been make in terms of policy implementations (Asariotis & Benamara, 2012). The issue of global warming is of significant global concern because the set up are felt across the globe rather than in a discriminate geographical region. Greenhouse gases are the main causes of global warming thus resulting to climate change.The main greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere include nitrous oxide (1.5%), carbon dioxide (95%), methane (0.1%) and hydrofluorocarbons (3.4%) (U. S. Department of Transportation, 2012). The sources of greenhouse gases include natural and human activities. However, human activities are the

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Animal Farm - Essay ExampleManipulation is unity of the tactics utilized by Napoleon to rule the farm. He distorts the true events and changes statements and therefore, reinforcements the other animals in slanted to continue them from knowing the truth and fighting. The alteration in the teachings of Animalism serves as a perfect example. fit in to the initial stand, all animals were to be treated as same but later the pigs write a new statement which reads, All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others. (Orwell 1954). This principle is displayed on the farm to explain to the other animals that the pigs enjoyed greater rights and they were not to be questioned on their acts. Thus, they distort the real dream of Animal Farm and opt for providing greater space for the pigs for the continuation of their rule.Napoleon uses his power to prevent the animals from questioning his rule. He trains a force of dogs for the implementation of his laws and he even issues orders for killings those animals that are not patriotic to him. The authority and the fear of the dogs is seen in these lines, they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, grumble dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.(Orwell 1954). The animals were under threat and they feared for their life owing to which they remained passive and set about all the brutalities that were imposed on them. Thus, force is a factor used by Napoleon to keep his hold on the farm.Napoleon tries to keep the animals as busy as he can and prevents them from learning. He does this to ensure the fact that the animals do not get enough time to think of other problems and so that they cannot realize the fact that they are being ruled and mistreated at the hands of the pigs. Napoleon had denounced such(prenominal) ideas as contrary to the spirit of Animalism. The truest happiness,

The different influences which impact on the reform of unlawful Essay

The different exploits which come to on the reform of un levelheaded philosophyful conduct - Essay ExampleBy definition, unlawful conduct refers to each fulfill that can be identified as contrary to, or forbidden by the law (The W100 team, 2011). This definition covers both criminal and civil unlawful behavior. In criminal law, the litigation is always brought give away front by a specific prosecutor -the state (in the name of the Crown). However, in civil cases, the circumstances are a different in that, the lawsuit can be initiated by any legal surreptitious fellowship who is normally referred to as the claimant. The task of bringing collecting and presenting proof against the defendant rests squarely on the shoulders of the claimant (Samaha, 2012). The W100 team (2011) posits that in order to determine unlawful conduct, it is paramount that sufficient proof is produced placing the particular party at fault so that germane(predicate) action may be taken. Without doing th is, no legal action can be taken against either party. It is very important to analyze in depth the factors which shape why any conduct should be considered unlawful. Technological development plays a very significant federal agency in this. Issues to do with copyright infringement and intellectual property are constantly changing and so reforms need to be carried out from time to time regarding the same. Social climate also determines a tidy sum in influencing reform. Changing times affect what laws are made and implemented. A perfect example is cited whereby during the Shakespearean period, it would be perfectly legal for a girl of 13 and a boy of 18 to turn back married. However under the current laws of Wales and England, this would be unlawful conduct because 16 is the minimum age for coupling (The W100 team, (2011). Worth noning here is that not all rules of social morality are considered unlawful. Differences in social determine in different countries may to some leve l dictate the differences in laws. Protecting individuals and society from molest is a very important factor that influences reform. The activities classified as unlawful for this reason are normally seen to cause direct harm to those engaging in them or to the society at large. For example, the possession of hempen necktie is considered unlawful. However, the legality of this situation may change in the circumstance whereby the cannabis is prescribed by a physician to be used for medicinal purposes. It is inevitable that social morality will sometimes influence the lawful or unlawful nature of an act. Economic reasons also come into play in matters of legislation. acquire items without someones consent may be considered unlawful in some societies whereas it is perfectly legal to do so in others, provided the items are returned. These are societies where ownership of property is more communal as opposed to where private ownership is prioritized. In some cases, the economic effect of a persons action is actual ground for determining whether an action is unlawful or not. The array of factors mentioned above understandably indicates the complexity of defining conduct as unlawful or otherwise. Some activities that are considered to be out rightly immoral and antisocial do not necessarily warrant them to be earmarked as unlawful. sevens plays a big role in reform and determining unlawful conduct. It represents the democratic will of the people. shove from the public and the media has been seen to work on many occasions in contentious issues regarding legislation, therefore making sevens one of the most direct ways of reform on unlawful conduct. Despite the judiciary not being primarily concerned with law reforms, it is involved in identifying anomalies in the law and calling for relevant amendments to be made on the same (The W100 team, 2011). The truth of the matter is that the judiciary has a

Practical Guide to Environmental Management Essay

Practical template to Environmental Management - Essay ExampleThe concept of environmental corporate responsibility is one that is starting signal defined in this book as one that has to be set deep down the internecine and away environment. The author notes that sustainable development with environmental responsibility will not be effective unless policies and internal settings take place. The focus is to change the performance within a company specifically by development policies and implementing regulations with the environmental practices in the work area. The policies include changing the use of environmental resources as well as monitoring and managing the different environmental needs. The author also states that the policies and implementation within the workforce should directly jounce the stakeholders and the external environment, specifically by allowing the corporate responsibility to be seen by stakeholders who can then frequent the trends and direct action take n (Friedman, 80).The author doesnt only focus on environmental issues such as saving in resources. It is also noted that corporate responsibility should incorporate changes in the movement of creating products, examining the management of a certain area and enhancing the system used for better safety and environment. The environmental issues then become directly linked to the corporate culture and the ability to enhance what is being done within a corporation. The responsibility of management is to implement the policies for environmental changes and to be credible for both environmental disparage and enhancement that is within the corporate culture. The suggestions that the author makes are to create policies and to implement these at various levels.

Givaudan Flavors, its Major Problems and Possible Soltions Case Study

Givaudan Flavors, its Major Problems and Possible Soltions - Case Study Example- Solution B. In the schedule get together, both Tastyco and Givaudan should emphasize aligning their goals and accusatives to ensure that adequate benefits are earned by both these ends. rather a than pressuring Givaudan to reduce costs to be categorized as a Strategic Supply Partner, the meeting should concenter on comparing and analyzing the benefits as puff up as drawbacks that they will have to face being in agreement and even if not being in agreement.- Advantages A. Solution A, as suggested in the above section, is quite likely to result in higher demand for Tastyco, which will, in turn, result in an increase in its shekels margin. By ordering larger volumes from Givaudan, Tastyco will have to implement push-selling strategies in order to do better customer loyalty and thereby augment selling capacity. This, in turn, will also trigger off Givaudan to decrease its price per unit, offering co st benefits to Tastyco and on the other hand, avoiding any decrease in its profit margin.-Disadvantages A. In the long run, this solution may impose a direct negative effect to the break-even points of Givaudan, as any decrease in the quantity demanded will result into lowered profit margin and hence, may force the two partners to emerge. Hence, the solution may not be viable in the long-term.Advantages B. Conducting a meeting between the two parties can result in a mutual agreement, which can be effective to both the companies. Being able to relate their aims and objectives, Tastyco and Givaudan can further result into a common objective satisfying their individual value targets.Disadvantages B. In order to solve the pricing problem, negotiation between Givaudan and Tastyco is a necessity. However, if Givaudan is pressured to change its pricing strategies, there are high chances that it might seek for partnership with larger competitors of Tastyco, face lift differentiation conc erns. In addition, departing their ways may reduce market shares held by both the companies as well as result in Tastyco losing the value-added advantages that it used to retain from Givaudan.

Presidential Transition and Policy Priorities on Civil Rights Essay

Presidential Transition and Policy Priorities on civilized Rights - Essay typeDiscrimination in itself is one hot issue that Pres. Obama must address. In other words, every courtly Rights issue will stem upon his resolve (or lack of it) to address discrimination. The Ameri chiffonier Founding Fathers believed that All act uponforce are created equal, and it is really absurd of people will be discriminated because of race, color, national origin, disability, age, sex and religion. In follows because that health care institutions should not tolerate discrimination, and it is good that such services under the Office of Civil Rights are prohibited from displaying such acts.The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed and implemented to pr in timet racial segregation in public places, schools and place of employment. It was established first and foremost to aid African Americans and protect women. To accomplish its objectives, this integrity also created the Equal Employment Opportunity consignment.Subsequent to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, President George H.W. Bush has write into law the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 or ADA in July 26, 19904. The Act bans discrimination against people with disabilities in employment in public service, in public accommodations and in telecommunications. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is responsible for enforcing the prohibition of discrimination against people with disabilities in employment.The ADA protects people from job discrimination of competent individuals because of the presence of a disability. According to ADA, a person has a disability if he or she possesses a mental or physical impairment that adequately limits a major life activity. ADA can protect such person in cases wherein a person has history of such disability, or even in the case that such disability exists only in the mind of the would-be employer.To be protected under the ADA you must have a record or evidence of consider adequate impairment. A considerable or substantial impairment is one which restricts key life activities in the form of hearing, seeing, speaking, and execute manual tasks, caring for oneself, learning or working.But if a person has a certain disability, thither are conditions by which he or she can be reasonably accommodated. In particular1. A person must satisfy the requirements for education, relevant experience, specific skills, and professional certification.2. A person ought to be able to fulfill the job with or without accommodation since an employer cannot refuse to hire such him or her on the grounding of the presence of any disability.But in doing so, it is important to clarify what is reasonable accommodation. It pertains to adjustments or changes with a work environment which allows a qualified applicant with a disability to participate in the job applications programme process, to perform the essential functions of a job or to enjoy benefits and privileges of employment equal to those enjoyed by employees without disabilities. comely accommodation may include1. Provision or modification of equipment.2. Job

Saint Augustine of Hippo and his Confessions Essay

Saint Augustine of Hippo and his Confessions - Essay ExampleMonica. It brook be deduced through his whole shebang that his main goal is to find the spiritual truth, and due to himself not acknowledging the spiritual presence of God e realplace he had an early animation full of sins. He died in 430, just when the Vandals were starting to besiege Calama, where he stayed for the rest of his life.4 As a reformed man who used to live in a life of sin, his agree Confessions was able to convey his thoughts as comfortably as his beliefs during and after his conversion to Christianity, as well as the struggles he had to face during the time when Rome was already crumbling and a new era was active to usher in. St. Augustines book, Confessions recalls intimately of his younger life, when he was still living in sin. The first 10 books were mostly his biography, while the remaining books focused on the first chapter of Genesis, mostly dealing with creation and the surpass of grace, which he personally experienced.5 While it is not said in the book that he was a very bad child, he found pleasure in committing sins due to his search of love.6 The first book deals with his early childhood to his youth, and during which he was starting to question things which he must do, as well as the good and insalubrious things that he did in order to gain praise from just near everyone from his parents to his teachers and to his peers. However, trying to gain praises from tender beings was only to make oneself feel good, and for that he confesses that he only looked for beauty and not the truth.7 The second book tells about St. Augustines life as a youth who was sent to Carthage in order to throw out his studies and become a respectable man. However, due to his relishing of the needs of the flesh, as well as to conform to the peer pressure from his friends, he has sunk into an even lower state, much to the chagrin of his devout mother. He confessed that during these times, he was doing such things in order to satisfy his need for sinning, and nothing else.8 Concluding this book is St. Augustine admitting that having friends can either be good or dangerous, and that to live away from friends that commit sins should be the best configuration of action to avoid becoming a sinner even further. The third book talks about St. Augustines life in Carthage, how he felt that he desired to love something, but preferably fell into the throes of lust.9 He also loved being an audience to theatrical plays, especially those of tragedies since he sees them as a mirror to his own life. Again, just to satisfy his vanity, he committed himself to become an eloquent speaker, to coin people. But upon reading the book Hortensius by Cicero, his whole life goal changed. He now tries to watch over the truth instead of knowledge.10 During this time he was jumping from one belief to another, and he stayed in the Manichaean faith for around 10 years. Finally, through his mother , St. Monica, things were starting to become different for him. In the fourth book, most of St. Augustines doubts regarding the Manichean religion as well as his swindling life as a teacher of rhetoric were further

Constrained Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

bound Women - Essay ExampleShort stories can often focus a readers attendance on various elements of our lives that frequently pass by under our radar because they are now so deeply ingrained in our societys norms. Such concepts in our life would include the implicit in(p) male-dominant beliefs of old in which the womans space is considered to be only within the home. On a social level, the womans place remains below men even in new-fangled times and is usually placed only slightly above children in matters of importance. While these are ideologies that have, in the past 100 years, been increasingly challenged, particularly by women who have continued to demonstrate their ability to sustain up with men, it remains the case that women continue to struggle, not simply on the social level, but on the personal level as well. This personal battle in the example of young-bearing(prenominal) subservience requires women to begin questioning the values learned in their youth to conside r something both thrilling and frightening the mood that they may be capable of making their own decisions in life without the leadership or cheering of men. For many women, the concept alone would be the most they would achieve, especially in earlier time periods. The female characters found in William Faulkners curtly story A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery live within this oppressive ideology of the subservient woman both socially and internally, but also exhibit a yearning to escape the ties that bind them.

Ethical Issues Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issues Assignment - explore Paper Exampleg is an ethical issue in which a struggle between the bole and mind would happen and the winner would be either the body (In case the person opts for mercy killing) or the mind (In case the person decided against the mercy killing).Proponents of mercy killing are of the opinion that it is relegate to assist a person medically to terminate his deportment, if he is in a hopeless situation. In their opinion, the person who suffers pain and discomforts should have presumptuousness the right to take decision about sustaining his life in such pathetic condition. Others can cite ethical or moral issues against the mercy killing notwithstanding the ultimate sufferer would be the patient precisely.On the other hand, critics of mercy killing believe that only the creator has the right to take the life back of his creations. They are of the opinion that life is the most alpha thing in the world. Nobody has so far succeeded in unveiling th e miseries about the life. Nobody knows from where we do and where we go after death. No science or technology, so far succeeded in creating an artificial life in a laboratory setup which underlines the importance and value of life on earth. Moreover critics alike argue that only the creator has the right to modify or destroy creations and anything against his will would be unethical.As expected, we met strong arguments both in favour and against mercy killing during our research. We found most of the arguments of the proponents and the critics logical and valuable. It was elusive for us to take a position on this issue and our group actively discussed all the major arguments from both the sides in order to make a conclusion. Some of the arguments we found during our research are given below.The article IF leniency KILLING BECOMES LEG, argued that mercy killing would be misused if it is made legal (IF MERCY KILLING BECOMES LEGAL). The above argument seems to be logical as the a ntisocial elements can kill unimpeachable people on behalf of mercy killing in order to

Feminist Perspective in Sociology Essay Example for Free

Feminist Perspective in Sociology EssayIf we argon to come upon a richer gloss, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so tramp a less arbitrary mixer fabric, one in which separately diverse gift provide find a fitting shoes. Marg art Mead I. Prologue At present, it is quite ch anyenging to depend how in that respect was a magazine when wo man military group were non afforded the same rights and opportunities as men. Some of these rights and opportunities include the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a c argoner, and the right to vote. At present, it is quite filthy to think how women were labelled and branded to remain at home and pursue the best interests of her family members, solely non hers. It is quite difficult to imagine, but the truth of the matter is that in that respect was much(prenominal) a time that wholly these unimaginable things and revolting things were happening, when wo men were to take the backseat to the men and when they were not regarded as refers. The finish of the send-off beat feminism was to correct all these notions and to try to achieve a position for the women when they do not take the backseat to the men, but stay beside the men as their meets.Slowly, this was achieved. Hence, women were hence are given the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote, among all others. All of these things are remarkable achievements and should in and by themselves, be commended. However, it cannot be denied erst again, that the struggle of women does not end with the first prosper feminism, after all its not apt to outcry it the first wave if there is no second wave. The second wave devolved around the problems that the achievements of the first wave put to fore.The sum of all these goals is ultimately for society treat charr not just as an object but as a subject who has her avouch thoughts and who can speak by means of her own mind and with her own voice (Delmar, 2005, p. 32). The ultimate goal was to liberate adult female from her reification. thus, MacKinnon remarked I say, give women equal power in social life. Let what we say matter, then we will discourse on questions of morality. ask your foot off our necks, then we will hear in what tongue women speak.So long as sex equality is limited by sex difference whether you like it or dont like it, whether you value it or stress to negate it, whether you stake it out as a reasonableness for feminism or occupy it as the terrain of misogyny, women will be born, degraded and die. We would still settle for that equal protection of the laws under which one would be born, live and die, in a country where protection is not a dirty word and equality is not a special privilege (1987, p. 45).The issues and problems created by the first wave as manifested in the second wave led Bell meat hooks to assert that all women are oppress ed, and being oppressed means the absence of choices. The goal of this Paper then is to try to explain in a simplified but not in a simplistic manner what Bell Hooks meant when she cited the above-mentioned assertion through an exposition of some the writings during the second wave feminism. The Paper shall be divided into four parts.The first part is the Prologue, where these paragraphs fall under, which shall discuss in general the background and the goal of the Paper. The second part shall discuss in general what Bell Hooks asserted through the telephone extension materials. The third part shall discuss in specific detail how all women are oppressed, once again through the reading materials. The fourth part is the epilogue, which shall present the conclusion and psycheal thoughts of the writer of this Paper. II. The New deliver of OppressionOppression presupposes two parties, one is the oppressor and the other is the object of the oppression, or oppressee, so to speak. During the first wave it is quite apparent that the oppressor is the patriarchal and machismo characteristic of society, or men in short, and the object of the oppression are women. In the second wave, one wonders how Hooks made this assertion given the concomitant that the men and women duality and oppression were no longer as manifest. The answer is simple, charm the first wave may earn achieved equal rights and opportunities for women and men, there is still oppression.It is simply that the faces of the oppressor and the oppressee involve changed. With the second wave, other women became the oppressors. According to most critics, this was an unavoidable consequence of setting equality with males as the primary goal of feminism (Jhappan, 1996, p. 25). Jhappan expounds in reality, the positions of power and privileges enthraled by etiolated men gain only been made possible by racism and sexism, they study hierarchy, skewed power relations, inequality and the subjugation of the majority (white women and people of colour).It seems to me that white womens equality with white men would only be possible of the draw hierarchy were kept substantially intact since the privileges that white men enjoy depend upon a racially satisfied social system (p. 25). Simply, this means that with the goal of equality with men, women aimed for an either bit oppressing position, where they are now the oppressors. While men were no longer tagged as the oppressors of all women, deep down the circle of women rose other oppressors in the face of fellow women who are of a different color.This is what Angela P. Harrris discusses in her article, in relation to what Catharine MacKinnon discusses in hers. Generally, the idea of the latter is that there is a universal concept of a muliebrity so to speak. This universal concept of a woman is what was oppressed by society through male domination and supremacy before. For MacKinnon, there is just one experience, culture, heritage, requ ire for all women, thus, their needs are all alike. As most feminists then were white women, most of what was pushed for were for the needs of the white women.This is in addition cognise as the notion of a large women experience (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Through this gender essentialism and worse, racial essentialism was likewise furthered (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Thus according to Harris, they reduce the lives of people who experience multiple lay downs of oppression to additional problems racism + sexism = straight unrelenting womans experience or racism + sexism + homophobia = black lesbian experience. Thus, in an essentialist world, black womens experience is always forcibly fragmented before being subjected to analysis, as those who are only concerned in race and those who are only interested in gender take their separate slices of our lives (p. 384). An object lesson for Harris is what MacKinnon does when she reduces Black women to just worse forms of white women, and not a s a separate and diverse woman apart from the white woman, but not an aggravation. MacKinnon impartsblack is not merely a color of skin pigmentation, but a heritage, an experience, a cultural and personal identity, the meaning of which becomes specifically and glorious and/or ordinary under specific social conditions. It is as much socially created as, and at least in the American mount no less specifically meaningful or defective than any linguistic, tribal, or religious ethnicity, all of whom are conventionally recognized by capitalization. While women on paper, were liberated from their reification, what happened really was that white women were liberated from reification.White women were no longer considered as objects they became subjects. Black women, though they were women but because they were black, were not similarly liberated. This is because white feminists prevail exposed male essentialism only to replace it with another essentialism based on the notion of an essenti al woman. However, as it turns out, this generic woman is not only white, but middle class, and also able-bodiedOver the hold couple of decades people of color have highlighted the silences of racists Eurocentric history and discourses which render all others invisible (Jhappan, 1996, p.22). By virtue of the monolithic experience of women, women who did not fit the mold of the monolithic experience were oppressed in the sense that they were left with no choice. The choice was already made for them by the systems that were built in place respecting such monolithic experience. They were left with no choices as their needs were not addressed. The needs that were addressed were the needs of those who fit the monolithic experience of women. III. The Specific Instances of OppressionThe specific instances of oppression that are discussed in the acknowledgement materials are enumerated below. a. Oppression in Relation to the Family Through the idea of the family wage, women were oppressed with the fact that they were made parasitical on the wage of their husbands. They were made dependent with the notion that a working man should earn full to support his family (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237), and so, the place of the woman or the wife is at home (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237).As the husband already earns plentiful to support the family, there is no more need for the woman to earn and augment the budget for the family. Thus, she is tasked by society to stay at home and address the needs of her family members. Such admittedly, does not require professional and personal growth. Thus, while the members of the family pursue different goals in their lives, the woman is stuck at home persuasion after the family members, sending them off to reach their dreams, while she stays in her place. In addition, if and when a woman earns, she is given minimum wage.The notion of minimum wage was put in place to accommodate individuals who were integrity and who did not have dependents to sup port (Gavigan, 1996, p. 238). In this wise, women were oppressed with the fact that when they earn, what they earn is not even enough to provide for their dependents, if any. b. Oppression under the Law Under the law, heterosexual familys are afforded more advantages and privileges, in call of tax benefits, standing to recover damages for certain torts committed against spouses, and rights to succession and insurance benefits (Gavigan, 1996, p.263). The same are not afforded to homosexual relationships thus women are oppressed. Oppression of women under the law is manifested explicitly in eudaimonia Law. When women seek assistance under the welfare law, especially the solo parents, they have a hard time obtaining the assistance that the law provides because of the very stiff and stringent definition of spouse under the laws such as the Family Law Act, RSO 1990 and Canada Pension Plan Act spouse means either of a man and a woman who (a) are married to each other or(b) have toget her entered into, a jointure that is voidable or void, in good faith on the part of the person asserting a right under the Act x x x spouses means a spouse as defined in subsection 1 (1), and in addition includes either of a man and woman who are not married to each other and have cohabited (a) continuously or (b) in relationship of some permanence, if they are natural or adoptive parents if a child x x x spouses in relation to a contributor means (i) if there is no person described in subparagraph (ii), a person who is married to the contributor at the relevant timeor (ii) a person of the opposite sex who is cohabiting with the contributor in a conjugal relationship at the relevant time, having so cohabited with the contributor for a continuous period of at least one year (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266) When solo parents seek social welfare assistance, there were always resort to the courts in social club to determine whether or not a particular relationship was sufficiently conjugal to warrant the characteristic as spousal and consequently to warrant the benefits provided by the social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266).Also, the definition of the term spouse was too technical such that even in heterosexual relationships, there were always doubt as to whether a relationship is sufficiently conjugal to warrant the benefits granted by social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 267). An example of the ill-effect of this law is the requirement that the spouse who should support the spouse (wife) and the children, must not live in a certain proximity differently the latter cannot receive the benefits under the Welfare Law (Gavigan, 1996, p. 269). c. Oppression by Virtue of melt down or ColorThis form was already discussed in part two. However, in addition Jhappan tells us that for colored women, race rather gender has been the primary source of oppression. while white feminists have theorized the male breadwinner dependent-female, post-Industrial Revolution family form of the West as a source of womens oppression, different family forms persist in other culture even among those living in the diasporas, For many women of colour, in fact, state actions such as iimmigration and labour policies that have separated and distorted families have oppressed them more than gender relations (p. 23). d.Oppression of Oneself-importance by Oneself Women also admit that in and by themselves, they are oppressed. As there are women who are of different cultures, there are certain aspects of their identity that is rejected by another aspect, but which they ultimately have to kitty with. For instance a woman who has both black and Caucasian heritage, the black heritage forsakes slavery while the Caucasian heritage promoted the same.There may be instances in the life of such person when decisions have to be made favoring one aspect over the other, and in such instance, the woman is the oppressor of her own self as she is left with no choice but to decide in such manner, alt hough contrary to an aspect of her identity. IV. Epilogue Delmar has pointed out that the problem of oppression within the circle of feminism is rooted on the fact that the very definition of feminism is monolithic and abstracted. The very definition of feminism forgets or averts from the reality that there exists a multiple consciousness of women.With the realization that a multiple consciousness of women exists, then there may be the realization that there are various facets of oppression. Consequently, solutions may be afforded to these various facets in order to abolish, if not minimize the same. This is why at the beginning of this Paper a quote from Margaret Mead was stated. If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. With the realization that women are rich in culture, in contrasting values, th en we can realize that there is a whole gamut of potentialities. With such variety, a less arbitrary social fabric may be established, and through such less arbitrary social fabric, each and every individual may find his or her own place without necessarily fitting into a monolithic mold. References Delmar, Rosalind. (2005). What is Feminism? Feminist Theory A reader, 27-36. New York McGraw-Hill. Gavigan, Shelley. (1996). Familial Ideology the Limits of Difference.Women and Canadian Public Policy, 225-78. Toronto Harcourt Brace. Harris, Angela. (2002). Race and Essentialism in Legal Theory. Women, Law and Social Change, 4th ed. , 383-92. Concord, ON Captus Press. Jhappan, Raddha. (1996). Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship. Studies in Political Economy 5115-58. MacKinnon, Catharine. (1987). Difference and Dominance On Sex Discrimination. Feminism unrestricted Discourses on Life and Law, 32-45, 240-45. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.

Effects of Poverty on Children Essay Example for Free

Effects of s beartiness on Children EssayThe nations economic crisis has deeply affected the lives of gazillions of Americans. Skyrocketing foreclosures and job layoffs have pulled the rug out from under many families, especially those existent in low-income communities. Deepening mendicancy is inextricably think with rising levels of dispossessedness and victuals insecurity/ ache for many Americans and children argon particularly affected by these conditions. acquire out below a summary of the myriad effect of poverty, dispossessed personness, and hunger on children and young. Various proffer opportunities and resources have in like manner been listed that provide information and tools on ways to fight poverty in America. What be the current poverty and unemployment rates for Americans? The ongoing economic crisis has negatively affected the livelihoods of millions of Americans. According to the U.S. Bureau of promote Statistics (2013), the unemployment rate is 7.9 portion come along as of January 2013. Despite the entropy showing an increase of only 0.1 part from celestial latitude 2012, the unemployment rate is still high by entirely accounts, having doubled since the beginning of the recession in declination 2007. * U.S. nose count Bureau data shows that the U.S. poverty rate rose to 15.1 sh argon (46.2 million) in 2010, an increase from 14.3 part (approximately 43.6 million) in 2009 and the highest level since 1993. In 2008, 13.2 percent (39.8 million) Americans lived in relative poverty. * In 2000, the poverty rate for individuals was 12.2 percent and for families was 9.3 percent.* In 2010, the poverty threshold, or poverty line, was $22,314 for a family of four. * Over 15 percent of the tribe sink below this threshold in 2010. * The percentage of people in deep poverty was 13.5 percent of only B wants and 10.9 percent of all Hispanics, comp atomic number 18d to 5.8 percent of Asians and 4.3 percent of Whites. * While n on-Hispanic Whites still constitute the largest individual(a) group of Americans life-time in poverty, ethnic minority groups are overrepresented (27.4 percent African American 28.4 percent American Indian and Alaskan Native 26.6 percent Hispanic, and 12.1 percent Asian and Pacific Islander compared with 9.9 percent non-Hispanic White). * These disparities are associated with the historic marginalization of ethnic minority groups and entrenched barriers to good upbringing and jobs.Where is child poverty concentrated?* U.S. Census data reveals that from 2009 to 2010, the total number of children under age 18 living in poverty increase to 16.4 million from 15.5 million. Child poverty rose from 20.7 percent in 2009, to 22 percent in 2010, and this is the highest it has constantly been since 1993. * Racial and ethnic disparities in poverty rates persist among children. The poverty rate for Black children was 38.2 percent 32.3 percent for Hispanic children 17 percent for non-Hispanic White children and 13 percent for Asian children. * The National shopping centre for Children in Poverty reports that 17.2 million children living in the U.S. have a foreign-born parent, and 4.2 million children of immigrant parents are unfortunate. It is reported that child poverty in immigrant families is more closely related to low-wage race and barriers to valuable work supports.* The Population Reference Bureau (2010) reports that 24 percent of the 75 million children under age 18 in the U.S. live in a single-mother family. The poverty rate for children living in female-householder families (no spouse present) was 42.2 percent in 2010 7 in 10 children living with a single mother are poor or low-income, compared to less than a third (32 percent) of children living in other types of families. A staggering 50.9 percent of female-headed Hispanic households with children below 18 geezerhood of age live in poverty (48.8 percent for Blacks 31.6 percent Asian, and 32.1 percent no n-Hispanic White). * Single-mother headed households are more prevalent among African American and Hispanic families contributing to ethnic disparities in poverty.What are the effects of child poverty?Psychological research has demonstrated that living in poverty has a wide range of negative effects on the physical and moral health and wellbeing of our nations children. Poverty impacts children within their various contexts at home, in take aim, and in their neighborhoods and communities. * Poverty is conjugated with negative conditions such as substandard housing, homelessness, poor nourishment and food insecurity, inadequate child care, lack of access to health care, unsafe neighborhoods, and under resourced inculcates which unseemlyly impact our nations children.* Poorer children and teens are withal at great endangerment for several negative outcomes such as poor academic achievement, school dropout, abuse and neglect, wayal and socio- aroused problems, physical heal th problems, and develop affable delays. * These effects are compounded by the barriers children and their families chance upon when trying to access physical and mental health care. * Economists estimate that child poverty costs an estimated $ergocalciferol billion a year to the U.S. economy reduces productivity and economic output by 1.3 percent of gross domestic product raises crime and increases health expenditure (Holzer et al., 2008).Poverty and academic achievement* Poverty has a particularly adverse effect on the academic outcomes of children, especially during early childhood. * Chronic line associated with living in poverty has been shown to adversely affect childrens concentration and memory which may impact their ability to learn. * The National touch on for Education Statistics reports that in 2008, the dropout rate of students living in low-income families was about four and one-half times great than the rate of children from higher-income families (8.7 percent ve rsus 2.0 percent).* The academic achievement gap for poorer offspring is particularly pronounced for low-income African American and Hispanic children compared with their more affluent White peers. * Under resourced schools in poorer communities struggle to meet the learning involve of their students and aid them in fulfilling their potential. * Inadequate education contributes to the cycle of poverty by making it more concentrated for low-income children to lift themselves and future generations out of poverty.Poverty and psychosocial outcomes* Children living in poverty are at greater risk of behavioral and emotional problems. * Some behavioral problems may include impulsiveness, difficulty getting along with peers, aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder. * Some emotional problems may include feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. * Poverty and economic harshness is particularly difficult for parents who may live on chr onic stress, depression, marital distress and exhibit harsher parenting behaviors. These are all linked to poor social and emotional outcomes for children. * Unsafe neighborhoods may expose low-income children to violence which can wee-wee a number of psychosocial difficulties. Violence exposure can also predict future violent behavior in offspring which places them at greater risk of injury and mortality and entry into the juvenile arbitrator system.Poverty and physical healthChildren and teens living in poorer communities are at increased risk for a wide range of physical health problems * Low birth weight * Poor nutrition which is manifested in the following ways 1. Inadequate food which can lead to food insecurity/hunger 2. deprivation of access to healthy foods and areas for play or sports which can lead to childhood overweight or corpulency * Chronic conditions such as asthma, anemia, and pneumonia * Risky behaviors such as smoking or engaging in early sexual activity * E xposure to environmental contaminants, e.g., lead paint and toxic waste discard * Exposure to violence in their communities which can lead to trauma, injury, disability, and mortalityWhat is the prevalence of child hunger in America?* The Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics reports that in 2010, 22 percent of children under the age of 18 lived in food- hazardous households and one percent in households with very low food security. fare dubious means that at some point during the year, the household had limited access to an adequate supply of food due to lack of money or other resources. * In 2009 2010, 21 states and the District of Columbia had at least one in four households with children (25 percent or more) facing food hardship, according to the nourishment Research and Action Center (FRAC). The District of Columbia had the highest rates of food hardship for households with children, followed by Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Nevada, Arizona, L ouisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.FRAC data shows that Metropolitan areas in the South and South West, and California were hard hit by food hardships. call of food stamps increased to 16% (13.6 million households) in 2010, according to U.S. Census Bureau. States with the largest increase (over 30%) in food stamp use included Nevada, Idaho, Colorado, Wisconsin and Florida. * Approximately 1 in 4 Americans utilize at least one of the U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) nutrition assistance programs each year (USDA, 2011). * The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) reports that 53% of infants born in the United States fit support from the Women, Infants Children (WIC) program. * In 2010, more than 31.7 million children each day got their lunch through the National School Lunch Program. Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the poverty level are eligible for free meals. Approximately, 20 million children have gotd free and reduced price lunch, according to th e Food Research and Action Center (2010).What are the effects of hunger and under nutrition on child development? Prenatally* Maternal under nutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of negative birth outcomes, including premature birth, low birth weight, smaller head size, and demoralize maven weight. * Babies born prematurely are dangerous to health problems and are at increased risk for developing learning problems when they reach school-age.In infancy and early childhood* The first three years of a childs life sentence are a period of rapid brain development. similarly little energy, protein, and nutrients during this sensitive period can lead to lasting deficits in cognitive, social, and emotional development. * Protein-energy malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, iodine, zinc, and other vitamin deficiencies in early childhood can cause brain impairment. * Failure to thrive, the failure to get down and reach major developmental milestones as the impart of under nutr ition, affects 5-10% of American children under the age of three. * thirstiness reduces a childs motor skills, activity level, and motivation to explore the environment. Movement and exploration are important to cognitive development, and more active children elicit more stimulation and attention from their caregivers, which promotes social and emotional development.In childhood* Families a good deal work to keep their food-insecurity hidden, and some parents may feel shame or embarrassment that they are not able to feed their children adequately. Children may also feel stigmatized, isolated, ashamed, or embarrassed by their lack of food. * A community sample that sort out low-income children ages six to twelve as sharp-set, at-risk for hunger, or not hungry found that hungry children were significantly more likely to receive special education services, to have repeated a grade in school, and to have received mental health counseling than at-risk-for-hunger or not-hungry childr en. * In this same study, hungry children exhibited 7 to 12 times as many symptoms of conduct disorder (such as fighting, blaming others for problems, having trouble with a teacher, not listening to rules, stealing) than their at-risk or not-hungry peers. * Among low-income children, those classified as hungry show increased anxious, irritable, aggressive, and oppositional behavior in comparison to peers. * Additionally, the multiple stressors associated with poverty result in significantly increased risk for developing psychiatric and functional problems. School-age children who experience severe hunger are at increased risk for the following negative outcomes* Homelessness* Chronic health conditions* Stressful life conditions* Psychiatric distress* Behavioral problems* Internalizing behavior, including depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and poor self-esteem The effects of under nutrition depend on the length and severity of the period of hunger and may be mediated by other factors. * change nutrition, increased environmental stimulation, emotional support, and secure attachment to parents/caregivers can compensate for early under nutrition. * Babies who receive enough nutrition while in the womb appear to show higher cognitive work in later childhood. * The human brain is flexible and can recover from early deficits, but this also means that brain structures remain vulnerable to further negative experiences throughout childhood. * Breastfeeding, attentive caretaking, and attention to environmental factors, such as sleep cycles and noise, can also promote healthy development.Who are homeless children and youth in America?* In 2009, an estimated 656,129 people see homelessness in the United States on a addicted night, according to the National Alliance to End Homelessness. An estimated 2.3 to 3.5 million Americans experience homelessness at least once a year. Homelessness affects people of all ages, geographic areas, occupations, and ethnicities, but occurs disproportionately among people of color. * Access to permanent and adequate protect is a basic human need however, the ongoing economic downturn (composed of the foreclosure crisis, spiking unemployment, worsening poverty rates, and inadequate low-cost housing) is likely to increase rates of homelessness.* The National Association for Education of Homeless Children and Youth reports that during the 2009-2010 school year, 939,903 homeless children and youth were enrolled in public schools, a 38% increase from the 2006-2007 school years. The data is an disparage since it does not reflect pre-school age children, toddlers and infants. * The United States Conference of Mayors (2009) reports that in 2010 more than 1.6 million children (1 in 45 children) in America were homeless and that approximately 650,000 are below age 6. Families with children are a major segment of the homelessness population. Families with children comprise a third of the homeless population and are typically co mprised of a single mother in her late twenties with two young children.* Approximately 47 percent of children in homeless families are Black, although Black children make up just 15 percent of the U.S. child population (Child Trends Databank, 2012). On the other hand, although White children make up 66% of the child population, they account for 38% of homeless children. Hispanic children make up 13%, whereas Native American children make up 2% of the homeless children population. * Homeless single mothers often have histories of violent victimization with over one third having post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and over half experiencing major depression while homeless. An estimated 41 percent develop settlement on alcohol and drugs and are often in poor physical health. Maternal depression and agnate substance abuse has a series of negative outcomes for children.* Unaccompanied youth (sometimes referred to as runaway youth) may number between 575,000 to 1.6 million annually a nd typically range from ages 16 to 22. The major causes of homelessness for unaccompanied youth are mental illness, substance abuse, and lack of affordable housing. * Family conflict is the primary cause of their homelessness with 46% having experienced abuse and an estimated 20-40% identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT). * Homelessness is traumatic for children because they often experience frequent moves, family split-ups, and living in crowd places before using homeless shelters (National Center on Family Homelessness, 2011). * States in the south and south west where poverty is more prevalent have more homeless children than states in the north and northeast. Homelessness affects childrens health and wellbeing, their brain development, causes stress, and hinders readiness for school.What are the risk factors for homelessness in children and youth? * Extreme poverty is the strongest predictor of homelessness for families. These families are often forced t o choose between housing and other necessities for their survival. At least 11% of American children living in poverty are homeless. * Female-headed households (particularly by women with limited education and job skills) are also particularly vulnerable. The current economic climate has made the labor market even less hospitable as many of them do not have more than a high school diploma or GED. * Teen parents are also particularly at risk of homelessness as they often lack the education and income of adults who become parents. * Lack of affordable housing is also a risk factor for homelessness, particularly for families who pay more than 50% of household income to paying rent or those who experience a foreclosure. Foreclosures affect vulnerable tenants as well as homeowners who are delinquent in their mortgage payments. * Substance abusing or physically violent parents and stepparents are the major drivers of homelessness in runaway youth, particularly for those who identify as G LBT.What are the outcomes of homelessness for children and youth? * Homelessness has particularly adverse effects on children and youth including hunger, poor physical and mental health, and missed educational opportunities. * Homeless children lack stability in their lives with 97% having moved at least once on an annual basis, which leads to disruptions in schooling and negatively impacts academic achievement. * Schooling for homeless children is often interrupted and delayed, with homeless children twice as likely to have a learning disability, repeat a grade, or to be suspended from school. * Homelessness and hunger are closely intertwined.Homeless children are twice as likely to experience hunger as their non-homeless peers. Hunger has negative effects on the physical, social, emotional and cognitive development of children. * A quarter of homeless children have witnessed violence and 22% have been separated from their families. Exposure to violence can cause a number of psycho social difficulties for children both emotionally (depression, anxiety, withdrawal) and behaviorally (aggression, acting out). * Half of school age homeless children experience problems with depression and anxiety and one in five homeless preschoolers have emotional problems that look professional care.* Homelessness is linked to poor physical health for children including low birth weight, malnutrition, ear infections, exposure to environmental toxins, and chronic illness (e.g. asthma). Homeless children also are less likely to have adequate access to medical and dental care. * Unaccompanied youth are often more likely to grapple with mental health (depression, anxiety, and PTSD) and substance abuse problems. * Many runaway youth engage in sexually raging behaviors (sometimes for their own survival), which places them at risk of HIV, other STDs, and unintended pregnancies. Also, emerging research has shown that GLBT homeless youth are 7 times more likely to be victims of violent crime.What can you do to help children and families fight with poverty, hunger, and homelessness? * Volunteer your time with charities and organizations that provide assistance to low-income and homeless children and families. * Donate money, food, and clothing to homeless shelters and other charities in your community. * Donate school supplies and books to under-resourced schools in your area. * Make your voice heard Support public policy initiatives that anticipate to i. Improve access to physical, mental, and behavioral health care for low-income ii. Americans by eliminating barriers such as limitations in health care coverage.iii. Create a safety net for children and families that provide real protection against the harmful effects of economic insecurity. iv. profit the minimum wage, affordable housing and job skills training for low-income and homeless Americans. v. Intervene in early childhood to support the health and educational development of low-income children. vi. Prov ide support for low-income and food insecure children such as Head Start, the National School Lunch Program, and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) authorization. vii. Increase resources for public education and access to higher education. viii. Support research on poverty and its relationship to health, education, and well-being.